That’s a very good question. I think it depends, from disease to disease – a lot of science is based on testing hypotheses that we have, but also by figuring things out by accident. This is the case for example for Alex Fleming who discovered first antibiotics – read here the fascinating story! https://www.kidsdiscover.com/quick-reads/penicillin-found-functional-fungus/
So finally after centures of people dying of bacterial infections, they finally stopped!
In contrast, these days, in modern medicine, we have a lot more systematic and extensive (A LOT of people working on the same disease and exchanging information) focus on specific diseases. Look for example at how long is the road to treating AIDS and stopping HIV epidemic – in the 1980s the disease was thoought to be untreatable, which is not the case in 2018 – https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview.
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